ከቅርብ አመታት ወዲህ በፍጥነት በማደግ ላይ የሚገኘው የዲጂታል ግብይት ዘርፍ ብዙዎች በሚፈጽሙት ግዢ፣ ንግድ በሚከወንበት አግባብና በግብይት ወቅት በሚስተዋሉ የግብይት ዝንባሌዎችን በአዲስና ከዚህ ቀደም ባልተስተዋለ መንገድ በመቀየር አዲስ የግብይት ስርዓትን ይዞ ቀርቧል፡፡

በዚህ ረገድም የዲጂታል ግብይት ዘዴዎች በብዙዎች የዕለት ተዕለት የኑሮ ክንውን ውስጥ በዋነኛነት ይዘውት በቀረቡት ምቾት፣ ቅልጥፍናና አማራጭ አንጻር ይህ ነው የማይባል ቦታን መያዝ ከጀመሩ ዓመታት ተቆጥረዋል፡፡ በአለም ዙሪያ በብዙዎች ጥቅም ላይ እየዋለ የሚገኘውን የዲጅታል ግብይትን በቁጥሮች በማስደገፍ ስናስቀምጠው ከጠቅላላው የአለም ህዝብ 33 በመቶ የሚሆነው የዲጅታል ግብይትን የዕለት ተዕለት ህይወቱ አንድ አካል በማድረግ ግብይትን በዚሁ ስርዓት የሚፈጽም ሲሆን ይህም በአመት ከ 6.8 ትሪሊዮን ዶላር በላይ ይገመታል፡፡ 

የዲጅታል  ግብይት ምንድነው ?         

ከርዕሱ ለመረዳት እንደሚችለው የዲጅታል ግብይት አማራጭ በአጭሩና ብዙሀኑን በሚያግባባ ሁኔታ ሲቀመጥ ኢንተርኔትን ማለትም ኤሌክትሮኒክ ዘዴን በመጠቀም ቁሶችን ወይም አገልግሎቶችን ለመግዛት አልያም ለመሸጥ የሚያስችል የግንኙነት ዘዴ ተብሎ ሊወሰድ ይቻላል፡፡ በመሆኑም ይህ የግብይት ዘዴ በምርት እና አገልግሎት አቅራቢ እና በደንበኛው መካከል ድልድይ በመሆን ቀላል እና ቀልጣፋ ግብይት እንዲከወን ሁኔታዎችን ያመቻቻል፡፡ ስለ ዲጅታል የግብይት ዘዴዎች ይህን ካልን ምን ዓይነት የዲጅታል ክፍያ ዘዴዎችን በሰፊው በጥቅም ላይ በመዋል ላይ እንደሚገኙ ከዚህ እንደሚከተለው እንመለከታለን፡፡ 

1.   ነጋዴ – ለደንበኛ (B2C): በዚህ የዲጅታል ግብይት ስርዓት የተለያዩ የንግድ ተቋማት ለደንበኞቻቸው ምርትና አገልግሎቶቻቸውን በቀጥታ ተደራሽ የሚያደርጉበት አሰራር ሲሆን በአለም ዙሪያ እንደ አሊባባና (Alibaba) አማዞን (Amazon) ያሉ የዲጅታል አገልግሎት ሰጪዎች በዚህ ዘርፍ በቀዳሚነት ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡

2.   በንግድ ተቋማት መካከል የሚደረጉ የዲጅታል ግብይቶች (B2B) ፡ ከስሙ ለመረዳት እንደሚቻለው በዚህ ዓይነት የግብይት ሂደት ተሳታፊ የሚሆኑት በንግዱ ዘርፍ የተሰማሩ ተቋማት አልያም ነጋዴዎች ሲሆኑ ለንግድ ስራቸው መከወኛ የሚያስፈሉጓቸውን ግብአትና አገልግሎቶችን በዲጅታል መተግበሪያዎች በታገዙ ዘዴዎች የሚያገኙበት አሰራር ሲሆን በአሁኑ ወቅት እንደ ቶማስ ኔት (Thomasnet) ያሉ ድረ ገጾች በአለም ዙሪያ ተጠቃሽ አገልግሎት ሰጪዎች ናቸው፡፡

3.   ደንበኛ ለደንበኛ (C2C) ፡ እነኚህ የግብይት መፈጸሚያ ዘዴዎች በተለምዶው ደንበኞች ተብለው የሚጠቀሱት ተደራሾች እርስ በእርሳቸው ግብይት የሚፈጽሙበት ሲሆን እንደ ኢቤይ (eBay) እና ኢትሲ(Etsy) ያሉ ድረ ገጾች ተጠቃሽ ናቸው፡፡

4. ደንበኞች ለንግድ ተቋማት (C2B) ፡ ደንበኞች እንዴት ባለ መንገድ ለንግድ ተቋማት ምርት እና አገልግሎት ያቀርባሉ የሚለው ጥያቄ ተደጋግሞ የሚነሳ እና ከተለመደው አሰራር የራቀ ቢሆንም በዚህ ዘርፍ የሚጠቀሱት ጉዳዮች በእጅጉ ከሙያ ስራዎች ጋር የሚገናኙ አገልግሎቶች ሲሆኑ በአሁኑ ወቅት በእጅጉ በመስፋፋት ላይ ባለው የፍሪላንስና የጊግ ኢኮኖሚ ተጠቃሽ የሆኑት አፕ ወርክ (Upwork) እና ፋይቨር (Fiverr) እንደ አብነት ሊጠቀሱ የሚችሉ ናቸው፡፡

5. መንግስት ለንግድ ተቋማት (G2B): በዚህ ዘርፍ መንግስታት ለሚከውኗቸው ትላልቅ ግዢዎች ግልጋሎት ላይ የሚውሉ ሲሆኑ በሀገራችንም የመንግስት ግዢን ለመከወን የሚያስችል የዲጂታል ግብይት መፈጸሚያ ስርዓት እ.ኤ.አ 2024 ጀምሮ በስራ ላይ እያዋለ ይገኛል፡፡

የዲጂታል ግብይት መፈጸሚያዎች መሰረታዊ ባህሪያት  

የተገልጋዩን ምቾት ከማረጋገጥ፣ ከመረጃ ደህንነትና የአሰራር ቅልጥፍናን ማረጋገጥ ወሳኝ እና የትኛውም የዲጅታል ግብይት መፈጸሚያ ስርዓት በመመሰረታዊነት ሊያሟላ ከሚገቡት ነጥቦች መካከል ተቀዳሚ እና ዋነኞቹ ከመሆናቸውም በላይ እነዚህ መሰረታዊያን አለመሟላታቸው በአገልግሎት አሰጣጣቸው ላይ መሰረታዊ የሚባል ክፍተት ማስከተሉ እሙን ነው፡፡ በዚህ ረገድ የትኞቹ መሰረታዊያን በዲጅታል ግብይት መፈጸሚያዎች ላይ በተቀዳሚነት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው ከዚሀ እንደሚከተለው እንመለከታለን፡-

1- ለደንበኛ ተስማሚነት (User friendliness) ፡ የትኛውም የግብይት መተግበሪያ ግልጽ እና በቀላሉ ተጠቃሚ ሊረዳው በሚችል ብሎም አገልግሎትን በተቀላጠፈ መልኩ ለማግኘት የሚያስችል መሆን ተቀዳሚው ተግባሩ መሆን ይኖርበታል፡፡

2- ከእጅ ስልኮች ጋር ያለው ተስማሚነት፡ አብዛኞቹ የዲጂታል ግብይቶች በእጅ ስልኮች እንደሚደረጉ ብዙ ጥናቶች አመላካች ናቸው፡፡ ይህም የትኛውም ሰፊ ተደራሽነት ሊኖረው የሚፈልግ የዲጅታል ግብይት መተግበሪያ ተገልጋዮቹ በየትኛውም የእጅ ስልክ እና ቦታ ላይ ያለ ምንም የአገልግሎት መቆራረጥ ስራቸውን ለመከወን እንዲችሉ ሁኔታዎችን የሚያመቻች መሆን ይኖርበታል፡፡

3- ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀና አስተማማኝ፡ የዲጅታል ግብይቶች በየዕለቱ ከሚያስተናግዱት ትልቅ የገንዘብ መጠን እና በሚያሳልፏቸው ግለሰባዊ ባህሪ ያላቸው ልዩ የፋይናንስ መረጃዎች አንጻር ደህንነታቸው የተጠበቀና ለአጭበርባሪዎች ተጋላጭነታቸው በእጅጉ የቀነሰ መሆን ይኖርበታል፡፡ በዚህ ረገድ ከተለያዩ ምርት እና አገልግሎት ሰጪዎች ጋር በመስራት ላይ የሚገኘው አቢሲንያ ባንክ ባስተዋወቀው እጅግ ዘመናዊ የደህንነት መጠበቂያ አሰራሮችን ባካተተው የባንኩ ሞባይል ባንኪንግ ፕላትፎርም በመጠቀም ደህንነትዎን መጠበቅ ይችላሉ፡፡

4- የተለያዩ የክፍያ አማራጮች፡ ደንበኞች የተለያዩ የክፍያ አማራጮችን ሊጠቀሙ እንደሚችሉ ይታወቃል፡፡ ስለሆነም የትኛውም የዲጅታል ግብይት አገልግሎት ሰጪ በዚህ ረገድ ለተገልጋዮቹ ምቹና ቀላል የሆኑ የክፍያ መንገዶችን በመተግበሪያው ላይ ማካተት ይኖርበታል፡፡ እዚህ ላይ አቢሲንያ ባንክ በተለያየ ጊዜ ያስተዋወቃቸውን እንደ ንክኪ አልባ የግብይት መፈጸሚያ፣ ቀላል እና ምቹ የሆነው የአፖሎ ኪው አር ኮድ እና መሰል ዘመናዊ መተግበሪያዎችን ከዲጅታል ግብይት አገልግሎቱ ጋር በማስተሳሰር ደንበኞች የተሻለ የአገልግሎት እርካታ እንዲያገኙ በመስራት ላይ ይገኛል፡፡

5- ግላዊነትን መጠበቅ፡ ደንበኞች እንዳላቸው ግላዊ ፍላጎት አልያም ዝንባሌ የተመጠነ የዲጅታል ግዢ ልምድን እንዲያገኙ ለማስቻል መተግበሪያዎች በየጊዜው ራሳቸውን እያደገ ከሚመጣው የደንበኞች ፍላጎት ብሎም ደንበኛው በመተግበሪያው ወይም የግብይት ድረ-ገጹ ላይ ባለው ቆይታ በመረጠው መንገድ ግብይቱን ለመፈጸም የሚያስችለው አሰራር መዘርጋቱን ማረጋገጥ ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡

6 – ፈጣን የደንበኞች አገልግሎት፡ ደንበኞች በዲጅታል ግብይቶቻቸው ሊገጥሟቸው የሚችሉትን ማንኛውም ጥያቄ፣ የመጭበርበር ሙከራዎች ወይም አዳዲስ መሻሻሎችን በተመለከተ ጥያቄዎችን በበቂ ሁኔታ ለመመለስና ደንበኛው በአገልግሎቱ ላይ ስላለው አስተያየት አልያም ጥቆማ ሊያናግረው የሚችለው የደንበኞች አገልግሎት ክፍል ማቋቋም ያስፈልጋል፡፡

ባንኮች እና የዲጅታል ግብይት 

በኢንተርኔት  ከመቼውም ጊዜ በላይ በተሳሰረችው ዓለም ባንኮች በአዲስ መልክ ለፋይናንስ ልውውጦች የጀርባ አጥንት በመሆን መስራት ከጀመሩ ቀላል የማይባሉ ግዜያት ተቆጥረዋል፡፡ መቼም ንግድ ካለ በንግዱ የሚተላለፍ ቀላል የማይባል ገንዘብ ስለመኖሩ የማይካድ ሀቅ ነው፤ ከቀደሙት ክፍሎች አንባቢያን መረዳት እንደሚችሉት ኢንተርኔትን በመጠቀም የሚከወኑ የዲጅታል ግብይቶች ደግሞ ከመቼውም ጊዜ በላቀ ሁኔታ የባንኮችን  ልዩ ድጋፍ እና የፋይናንስ ማሳለጥ ስራዎችን የሚፈልጉበት ጊዜ ላይ ነን፡፡ ይህን ካልን ባንኮች/የፋይናንስ ተቋማት እንዴት ባለ አግባብ የዲጅታል ግብይትን ሊጠቅሙ የሚችሉ አሰራሮችን ሊዘረጉ እንደሚችሉና በዘርፉ የተሰማሩ አገልግሎት ሰጪዎችም የተሻለ አገልግሎትን  ለመስጠት እንደሚችሉ እንመለከታለን፡፡

– የክፍያ አማራጮችን ማመቻቸት፡ እንደሚታወቀው በዲጅታል ግብይት ወቅት አካላዊ ግንኙነት በአብዛኛው ጊዜ ባለመኖሩ ደንበኞች ክፍያን የሚፈጽሙት የንግድ ተቋማቱም ይህንኑ ክፍያ የሚቀበሉት በዲጅታል ዘዴዎች ነው፡፡ ይህን ካልን ከተለመዱት የክሬዲት እና ዴቢት ካርድ የክፍያ ዘዴዎች በተጨማሪ እንደ ዲጅታል ዋሌት እና ሞባይል ባንኪንግ ያሉ የተቀላጠፉ የክፍያ መከወኛ ዘዴዎችን በተግባር ላይ በመዋል ላይ ናቸው፡፡ ለአብነትም አቢሲንያ ባንክ ከቅርብ ዓመታት በፊት ለደንበኞቹ ያስተዋወቀው አፖሎ የዲጅታል ዋሌት ተጠቃሽ ነው፡፡

ከላይ እንደተጠቀሰው በአቢሲንያ ባንክ በስራ ላይ በመዋል ላይ የሚገኙት የተለያዩ የክፍያ መንገዶች  ግብይትን ከማሳለጥ ባለፈ የደንበኞችን እርካታ በመጨመር ረገድም ትልቅ አስተዋጽዖ እንደሚጫወቱ ግልጽ ነው፡፡ ይህንን በምሳሌ ለማስረዳት ያክል በተለያዩ የግብይት ስፍራዎች ያሉ ደንበኞች እንደ አፖሎ ያሉ የዲጅታል ዋሌቶችን በመጠቀም ከከግብይቶቻቸው ላይ ተመላሽ አልያም በተመረጡ ቦታዎች ደግሞ ቅናሽ ማግኘታቸው ደንበኞች የዲጅታል ግብይት ዘዴዎችን መጠቀም እንዲያዘወትሩ ከማድረጉም በላይ በዘርፉ የተሰማሩ የንግድ ተቋማት በእጅጉ የሚያበረታታ ነው፡፡

– የደንበኞች የፋይናንስ ደህንነት፡ ከላይ የዲጅታል ግብይት መሰረታዊያን በሚል ከተጠቀሱት  መካከል አንዱ የደንበኞች ደህንነት መሆኑን ተመልክተናል፡፡ በዚህ ረገድ ባንኮች እና መሰል የፋይናንስ ተቋማት በደህንነት መሰረተ  ልማት ላይ ከፍተኛ መዋዕለ ንዋይን ፈሰስ በማድረግ እንደ  ባለ-ሁለት ድርብ ማረጋገጫዎች እና ውስብስብ የማመሳጠር ስራዎችን በማስተዋወቅ የዲጅታል ግብይቶች ደህንነታቸው ተረጋግጦ እንዲከወኑ በማስቻል ላይ ይገኛሉ፡፡

እዚህ ላይ ልብ ሊባል የሚገባው ነጥብ በፋይናንስ ተቋማት በስራ ላይ የሚውሉት የደህንነት መሰረተ ልማቶች ደንበኞችን ካልተገቡ መጭበርበሮች እና የማንነት ስርቆት ከመታደጋቸውም በላይ ተጠቃሚዎች በዲጅታል የግብይት መከወኛዎች ላይ ያላቸውን እምነት በመጨመር አብዝተው መሰል ግብይቶችን እንዲፈጽሙ በር የሚከፍቱ ናቸው፡፡

–     ፈጣን እና ቀላል የብድር አገልግሎቶች፡ በፍጥነት በማደግ ላይ የሚገኘውን የደንበኞች የግብይት ፍላጎቶችን መሰረት በማድረግ ባንኮች የተለያዩ የፋይናንስ አማራጮችን ይዘው በመቅረብ ላይ ናቸው፡፡ በዚህ ረገድ ተጠቃሽ የሆኑት አሰራሮች እንደ አሁን ይግዙ በኋላ ይክፈሉ (buy-now-pay-later BNPL) እና ፈጣን የጥቃቅን ብድሮች (Instant—Micro Loans) ሲሆኑ ደንበኞች የፋይናንስ አቅም ማጣት ሳይሰማቸው አስፈላጊ ግብይቶቻቸውን ለመፈጸም እንዲችሉ በማድረግ ሁነኛ መፍትሄ በመሆን የቀረቡ ናቸው፡፡ ለአብነት ያህልም አቢሲንያ ባንክ ባስተዋወቀው የአፖሎ መተግበሪያ ላይ የተካተተውን እና ደንበኞች ባላቸው  የብድር አመላለስ ታሪክ እስከ ብር 100,000.00 (አንድ መቶ ሺህ ብር) ድረስ መበደር የሚችሉበት የአነስተኛ ብድር አሰራር ለዚህ ሁነኛ ምሳሌ ነው፡፡ ጥናቶችም እንደሚያመላክቱት መሰል አሰራሮችን ከሚያስተዋውቁ የፋይናንስ ተቋማት ጋር የሚሰሩ የዲጅታል ግብይት ስርዓቶች የተሻለ የግብይት መጠን እና የደንበኞች ጉብኝት ምጣኔ አላቸው፡፡

በደንበኞች በተደጋጋሚ የሚነሱ ጥያቄዎች

የዲጅታል ግብይቶች በዕለት ተዕለት ህይወት እየያዙ ከመጡት ጉልህ ቦታ እና ከሚወጣባቸው ቀላል የማይባል ወጪ በመነሳት ደንበኞች ከዚህ የሚከተሉትን ጥያቄዎች በስፋት ሲያነሱ ይስተዋላል፡፡

1- የዲጅታል ግብይት ምን ያህል ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ ነው? 

አዎ ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ ነው፡፡ ዋናው እና መሰረታዊው ነጥብ ግብይት የሚፈጽመው ደንበኛ ተገቢውን ቅድመ ጥንቃቄ አድርጓል ወይ የሚለው ነው፡፡ ይህም ሲባል ህጋዊነታቸው ከተረጋገጠ እንዲሁም በባንካችን ደህንነቱ በተረጋገጠ የክፍያ አማራጭ ግብይቱን መፈጸም መቻልዎትን ያረጋግጡ፡፡ ምንግዜም አጠራጣሪ ነገር ከገጠምዎት ክፍያዎን ከመፈጸምዎ በፊት የሚመለከተውን የደንበኞች አገልግሎት ክፍል በቅድሚያ ያነጋግሩ፡፡

2- የዲጅታል ግብይቴን ስፈጽም ምን ዓይነት የአገልግሎት ክፍያዎች አሉብኝ? 

አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ባንኮች መሰል ግብይቶችን ከማበረታታት አንጻር የተለዩ የአገልግሎት ክፍያዎችን በዲጅታል ግብይቶች ላይ ሲጥሉ አይስተዋልም፡፡ ለአብነት የአፖሎ  መተግበሪያን በመጠቀም ግብይት የሚፈጽሙ ደንበኞች በአንጻሩ የአገልግሎት ክፍያን ከመክፈል ይልቅ ካደረጓቸው ግብይቶች ላይ ታሳቢ የሚደረግ ተቀናሽን የሚያገኙ ሲሆን ይህም በአቢሲንያ ባንክ ለዘርፉ ከተሰጡ ማበረታቻዎች እንደ አንዱ ሊቆጠር የሚችል ነው፡፡

3- የትኞቹ የክፍያ አማራጮች በዲጅታል ግብይት ወቅት ተቀባይነት አላቸው? 

አብዛኞቹ የዲጅታል ግብይት መፈጸሚያ ስርዓቶች የተለያዩ የክፍያ አማራጮችን ይቀበላሉ፡፡ በርካታ ደንበኞች ያሉት አቢሲንያ ባንክም በቅርቡ ተሻሽሎ ለአገልግሎት የቀረበው እና በየዕለቱ በርካታ የገንዘብ ልውውጥ ለሚያደርጉ የንግድ ተቋማት ተስማሚ የሆኑ ገጽታዎችን ያካተተው የዲጅታል ባንኪንግ መተግበሪያውን ጨምሮ ያለምንም ተቆራጭ ገንዘብ ከአንድ የአቢሲንያ ባንክ ሂሳብ ወደ ሌላ የባንኩ ደንበኛ ተቀናሽ የሚደረግበትን ስርዓትን በመጠቀም ደንበኞች የሚፈልጉትን ክፍያ ያለምንም ችግር በቀላሉ ሊፈጽሙ ይችላሉ፡፡

4- እንዴት ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ ግብይትን መፈጸም እችላለሁ? 

ይህ በዲጅታል ግብይት ዘርፍ በዋነኝነት ሊነሳ የሚገባው ጥያቄ ሲሆን ማንኛውንም ግብይት የሚፈጽም ደንበኛ ምንግዜም በዘርፉ ጥሩ ስምን ካካበቱ የግብይት መፈጸሚያ ስርዓቶች ግብይቱን መፈጸሙን ብሎም የበይነ መረብ አድራሻቸው እንደ HTTPS ባሉ ደህንነታቸው በተጠበቀ የኢንተርኔት ፕሮቶኮሎች የተደራጁ መሆናቸውን ማረጋገጥ አለባቸው፡፡

5- በዲጅታል ግብይት ወቅት ገንዘብ ቢያጥረኝስ? 

ይህ በዲጅታል ግብይት ወቅት በአብዛኛው ሊያጋጥም የሚችል ጉዳይ እንደሚሆን የሚገመት ነው፡፡ ይህንንም ታሳቢ በማድረግ ባንካችን ደንበኞች ለመሰረታዊ ግዢዎቻቸው ሊጠቀሙበት የሚችሉትን የአፖሎ አነስተኛ የብድር አገልግሎት አስተዋውቋል፡፡  

6-በግብይት ወቅት የሚከሰቱ ችግሮችን እንዴት ባለ መንገድ መፍታት እችላለሁ? 

በግብይት ወቅት ለተፈጸሙ ስህተቶች አልያም ያዘዙት አገልግሎት ካልደረስዎት፣  ወደ ደንበኞች አገልግሎት ደውለው ጉዳይዎን ማስረዳት ይችላሉ፡፡